Pulmonary surfactant ppt

Pulmonary surfactant ppt. Lipoprotein mixture present in thin layer of fluid lining the alveoli. In water surfactant molecules tend to clusters into a spherical geometry non polar ends on inside sphere polar ends outside. Surfactant production Water phase is combined with the surfactant and then cosurfactant is added slowly with constant stirring until the system is become transparent. Aspiration of meconium results in airway obstruction with a ball-valve mechanism, chemical pneumonitis, and inactivation of surfactant by the bile salts, causing secondary surfactant deficiency. The type II pneumocytes of the lungs secrete a mixture of lipids and proteins that together acts as a surfactant. The pleural space is the space between the lungs and the chest wall, i. PS is synthetized by Pulmonary Surfactant • It is the surfactant that lines the alveolar epithelium. [1] The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic Pulmonary surfactant lowers surface tension in the lungs. INTERSITIAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS (CONTD) Multivariate analysis was done comparing serum SPA and SP-D to other commonly measured predictors of survival in IPF. 1). Several risk factors have been associated with the development of pulmonary hemorrhage, but the exact pathogenesis remains obscure. 5. However, lung surfactant is also an integral component of the lung's innate immune system helping to control inflammation and to Pulmonary surfactant is a layer of lipoprotein complex with critical surface tension lowering properties, which reduces the work of breathing and helps to maintain airspace patency. When PM enters into a respiratory tract, the first body tissues to be directly exposed are the cells of respiratory tissues and pulmonary surfactant. Biochemically, pulmo-nary surfactant is composed of approximately 90% lipid and 10% protein, the latter representing the four sur- Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition in premature infants caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. They are effective in the prophylaxis and management of • Avery and Mead in 1959 were the first to demonstrate that surfactant is deficient in the lungs of infants dying of HMD • Surfactant is identifiable in fetal lung as early as 16 weeks, though its proper secretion Developed for use in tx of pulmonary complications of cystic fibrosis Amiloride - used via aerosol to reverse water loss from mucus in cystic fibrosis – A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on Secrete surfactant ; No muscle fibers ; Elastin fibers ; Covered by capillaries shadow and lighting effects. Stored in lamellar bodies in Type II pneumocytes and released by exocytosis to the alveolar surface. Surfactant components are Pulmonary hemorrhage (PH) is a pathology associated with significant morbidity and mortality, particularly among preterm infants in the NICU. 2) The characteristic features of pulmonary circulation Pulmonary surfactant mainly consists of lipids (about 90%) but also contains various proteins (about 10%). Particulate matter (PM), which is the primary contributor to air pollution, has become a pervasive global health threat. sofian awamleh. Pulmonary surfactant is a macro-aggregate of about 90% highly organized lipids (about 85% are phospholipids) and 10% surfactant-specific proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D). Many challenges should be acknowledged: lack of a Lung surfactant is a lipid:protein complex comprising approximately 90% lipid, of which phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the principal component, with four specific surfactant proteins (SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D, [135]). Pulmonary surfactant is a SURFACTANTS Pulmonary surfactants act as a result of their physicochemical properties within the airways rather than by binding to specific receptors. Surface tension is also responsible for lung elastic recoil. After secretion into the alveolar space, surfactant structures unpack and efficiently absorb into the air–liquid interface, where they form a very stable film able to sustain PULMONARY SURFACTANTS: ROLE IN LUNG DISEASE 195 tress syndrome appear normal (122, 131), but this may be due to: (1) differences in extraction or assay methodology; (2) regeneration of surface-active phospholipids by the lung in vivo, but insufficient regeneration to return stability to alveoli that are already collapsed and so the course of Histological slides illustrating type I pneumocytes (left) and type II pnemocytes (right) Type II pneumocytes The type II alveolar cells (also known as type II pneumocytes) have two functions: (1) to repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged, and (2) to secrete pulmonary surfactant. Its main role is to reduce surface tension in the Pulmonary — Fluid aspiration results in varying degrees of lung injury . Following the initial inspiration after birth, when babies first generate the air/water interface, pulmonary mechanics are normal within the initial or first few exhalations (Lachmann et al. Winner of the Standing Ovation Award for “Best PowerPoint Templates” from Presentations Magazine. When water forms a surface with air, the water molecules on the surface of the water have an especially strong attraction Pulmonary surfactant deficiency Pulmonary Disorders Related to Surfactant Dysfunction or Deficiency. As the lung epithelium is in constant exposure to the environment, surfactant provides a crucial first line of defense against infection by enhancing the removal of pathogens, modulating the Surfactant decreases the effort to inflate the lungs. Surfactant is needed to keep the alveoli open during breathing. • Understand alveolar surface tension and pulmonary surfactants. Of 717,960 preterm infants, 184,770 (26%) received surfactant at some time during their NICU stay, and 7846/184,770 (4%) infants were administered late surfactant. They form oil in water emulsion. We describe the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins B and C, with focus on the crucial roles of these proteins Pulmonary surfactant mainly consists of lipids (about 90%) but also contains various proteins (about 10%). Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition in premature infants caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. With atelectasis, well perfused but poorly 3. exogenous surfactant administration. Its presence is an important prerequisite for the proper functioning of the lungs, facilitating gaseous exchange. 2 L (female) 1. This process leads to diminished gas exchange at the alveolar level, progressing to potentially causing respiratory failure. The material forms a thin film on the surface of the liquid layer that lines the alveolar air sacks. ( B ) 3 has less surface tension based on a smaller area and both 3 and 4 have low pressure because of surfactant lowering surface tension. Autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) is a rare disease characterized by myeloid cell dysfunction, abnormal pulmonary surfactant accumulation, and innate immune deficiency. The respiratory acinus. The integrated regulation of surfactant synthesis, secretion, and metabolism is critical for air breathing Pulmonary surfactant forms a sub-micrometer thick fluid layer that covers the surface of alveolar lumen and inhaled nanoparticles therefore come in to contact with surfactant prior to any 59. This is due to the fact that water molecules in the liquid-air surface of alveoli are more attracted to one another than they are to molecules in the air. It is certainly possible that the pulmonary surfactant of elephant seals does have some ‘anti-adhesive’ action, as does terrestrial pulmonary surfactant, as its 3D structure is that of a foam, which would tend to keep alveolar surfaces from direct contact (much as the nanobubble foam in the endothelial surface layer (ESL) prevents erythrocytes from directly contacting the blood 5. Alkyl sulphate surfactants: are the esters of fatty alcohols and sulphuric acids. Therapeutically, lecithin and derivatives have been used as a pulmonary surfactant in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome 18 19. This is a study to investigate the molecular mechanism of MWCNTs-induced lung fibrosis and focus on surface tension. To do so, surfactant reduces dramatically surface tension at the air-liquid interface, an activity that depends critically on a proper lipid composition and the presence of some specific surfactant proteins. Previous studies have suggested that the adsorbed PS film is composed of an interfacial monolayer, plus a functionally attached vesicular complex, called the surface-associated surfactant reservoir. Every morning, an instillation of LPS + Poly I:C was administered and urine was collected in 6-h intervals. Thus has both Pulmonary Surfactants are phospholipids synthesized in the type II cells lining the alveoli surfactant. Amine surfactants: triethanolamine oleate surfactant is preferentially used for pharmaceutical applications. Physiological studies indicate two key aspects of this function: that the surfactant film forms rapidly; and that when Pulmonary surfactant controls the surface tension at the air-liquid interface within the lung. We describe the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins B Surfactant - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 5 to -4mm of Hg and during inspiration is The type II alveolar cells (also known as type II pneumocytes) have two functions: (1) to repair the alveolar epithelium when squamous cells are damaged, and (2) to secrete pulmonary surfactant. PULMOMARY CIRCULATION • The pulmonary circulation is unique in many ways as its appearance reflects the patho-physiological unit of ventilation and perfusion, • e. • Surfactants are the molecules secreted mainly by Type 2 alveolar epithelial cells in the lungs . • This type of drug application in the therapy of these diseases is a clear form of 10. • It can also result from a genetic problem with the production of surfactant associated proteins. 2011). Pressure-volume curves for a surfactant-deficient preterm lung and a surfactant-treated lung. 33 However Pulmonary surfactant is a complex of highly active phospholipids and proteins that cover the alveolar epithelial surface of the lungs 1. Surfactant - Download as a PDF or view online for free Used in membranous bilayer of liposome. It also outlines many potential applications of biosurfactants in industries like oil recovery, agriculture, food Download Hi-Res Image Download to MS-PowerPoint Cite This: ACS Nano 2024, 18, 4, 2828-2840. 98% from 2023 to 2030. This review focuses on the Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells. In COPD, there is a predominance of neutrophils, macrophages, and cytotoxic T Etiology & Pathophysiology Surfactant deficiency (decreased production and secretion) is the primary cause of RDS The failure to attain an adequate FRC and the tendency of affected lungs to become atelectatic correlate with high surface tension and the absence of pulmonary surfactant The major constituents of surfactant Dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine • Inadequate pulmonary surfactant due to preterm birth. vasoconstriction of pulmonary vessels. Its components are synthesized and secreted into the alveolar spaces by type II epithelial cells. It is composed mainly of phospholipids like DPPC, proteins, and ions. Atmospheric pressure, which is equal to 760 mmHg, is taken as zero atmospheres. Other diseases may cause 13. This article starts with a brief account of the history of research on pulmonary surfactant. These proteins enhance the spreading, adsorption, and Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a complex mixture of proteins and lipids that lines the entire alveolar respiratory epithelium and is essential for mammalian breathing. At that time manufacturing of Pulmonary surfactant is a macromolecular complex composed primarily of lipids and proteins that is present in the alveolus in structurally distinct forms. Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) was first described in 1958 by Samuel H. Clinical Application Clinical Application 1. liquid–gas Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that creates a cohesive surface layer over the alveoli which reduces surface tension and maintains alveolar stability therefore preventing atelectasis. Delivery of anti-asthmatic and other locally acting drug directly to their site of action reduce the dose needed to produce a pharmacological effect, while the low concentration in the systemic circulation may also reduce As per Cognitive Market Research's latest published report, the Global Pulmonary Surfactant market size was USD 598. Many of them are also animated. INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE The pressure in the pleural space is the intarpleural pressure. Surfactant interacts with both polar and non polar molecules. Contains both proteins and lipids. • Know what the rate of alveolar Persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn - Download as a PDF or view online for free. Clara cells of the bronchial epithelium), synthesis and secretion of the Transpulmonary pressure (TPP) is a topic in pulmonary physiology that has both a traditional definition and a more modern or alternative definition. which then leads to surface tension elevated by pulmonary surfactant dysfunction in the context of lung fibrosis. Surface tension at the liquid-air interphase in the alveoli makes the air sacs prone to collapsing post expiration. [1]. Non- pulmonary risk factors : Sepsis Cardiac defect Exposure to cold Hypoglycemia Metabolic This article starts with a brief account of the history of research on pulmonary surfactant. This document provides an overview of pulmonary circulation. 1. American Academy of Pediatrics Pulmonary hypoplasia is a rare congenital anomaly characterized by incomplete development of the lung tissue. • Secondly, the pulmonary vasculature is directly influenced by cardiac function Finally, other non-antibody biomarkers such as LDH, CA-125, matrix metalloproteinases[30, 56, 57], plasma surfactant protein D, interferon-γ-inducible protein 10 (IP-10 Pulmonary involvement in RA relatively common and there has been a growing interest in RA-ILD over the last few years. Page 5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease:Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is aChronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a preventablepreventable && treatabletreatable disease with some significantdisease with some significant extrapulmonaryextrapulmonary effects that may Surfactant metabolism dysfunction is a condition where pulmonary surfactant is insufficient for adequate respiration. Present at fluid-air interface. Exhibits: detergency, foaming, wetting, Natural surfactant preparations are better than synthetic at reducing pulmonary air leaks. – PowerPoint PPT presentation. As a consequence, no curative treatment exists. High capillary pressures can also cause barrier disruption which increases permeability and fluid transfer into the interstitium and • Avery and Mead in 1959 were the first to demonstrate that surfactant is deficient in the lungs of infants dying of HMD • Surfactant is identifiable in fetal lung as early as 16 weeks, though its proper secretion begins after 24 weeks gestation and is synthesized most abundantly after the 35th week of gestation • Pulmonary Surfactants are phospholipids synthesized in Eg Sodium stearate. The document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the lungs. And their walls are lined by a thin film of water, which creates a force at their surface called surface tension. Surfactant is a ampiphilic compound. AI-enhanced description. the virtual space between the visceral and parietal pleura Normal value: in quiet breathing , the intrapleural pressure during expiration is about -2. • NON CARDIOGENIC PE • Lung water increases due to damage of the pulmonary capillary lining with consequent leakage of proteins and other macromolecules into the tissue; fluid follows the protein as oncotic forces are shifted from the vessel to the surrounding lung tissue. 1998, 2008). 62. Divalent and trivalent surfactants: calcium oleate (w/o) are water in oil emulsifying surfactant. The first successful clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement were published about 20 years ago as a logical extension of experimental studies showing beneficial effects in pre-term animals. 1 Surfactant is synthesized by type II 23. These clusters are called micelles. Its etiology is either due to a cardiogenic process with the inability to remove sufficient blood away from the pulmonary circulation or Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a lipid-protein complex that adsorbs to the air-water surface of the lung as a thin film. Non- pulmonary risk factors : Sepsis Cardiac defect Exposure to cold Hypoglycemia Metabolic 9. When a bolus of surfactant is instilled and propagates down the airways, it deposits a The first successful clinical pilot studies of surfactant replacement were published about 20 years ago as a logical extension of experimental studies showing beneficial effects in pre-term animals. Intrapleural pressure. Consider using a single dose of surfactant after the infant is stabilized on the ventilator. Surfactant is synthesized in the alveolar type-II cells, stored in the lamellar bodies, and secreted to the alveolar space where it undergoes complex changes 2. Intrapulmonary pressure. 7 million in 2022. 24. The hydrophobic proteins, SP-B and 8. Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome- Lung maturation is incomplete in premature infants, also diabetes during pregnancy interfere with lung maturation In such conditions due to lack of surfactant synthesis lung expansion becomes difficult after birth, breathing becomes labored due to high surface tension, also called Surfactant - Download as a PDF or view online for free. SURFACTANT. Although newer delivery mechanisms and strategies are being studied, the classic surfactant administration paradigm • Avery and Mead in 1959 were the first to demonstrate that surfactant is deficient in the lungs of infants dying of HMD • Surfactant is identifiable in fetal lung as early as 16 weeks, though its proper secretion begins after 24 weeks gestation and is synthesized most abundantly after the 35th week of gestation • Pulmonary Surfactants Surfactant use over time. Alveoli are the spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles. Pulmonary Surfactant Surface active lipoprotein complex formed by Type 2 alveolar cells. Cartilage is present to level of proximal bronchioles Beyond terminal bronchiole gas exchange occurs The distal airspaces are kept open by elastic tension in alveolar walls. High capillary pressures can also cause barrier disruption which increases permeability and fluid transfer into the interstitium and Ultimately the result of decreased pulmonary surfactant, incomplete structural development of lung and a highly compliant chest wall. The fluid shifts often result in non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema and the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) . (See the image below. The amount of surfactant and co-surfactant to be added and the parent oil phase that can be incorporated is determined with the help of pseudo ternary phase diagram. Synthetic Surfactant: Colfosceril Palmitate (Exosurf) (67. 2-Distinguish the difference between Liquid ventilation is a mechanical ventilation technique in which the entire or part of the lung is filled with oxygenated perfluorocarbon (PFC) liquids rather than air in conventional mechanical ventilation. g. •Repetitive reopening & collapse of alveoli can damage the fragile lung architecture leakage of protein-debris into the airways (hyaline membranes). ADVERTISEMENT. The prevailing thinking is that low surface tension is attained by a compression-driven squeeze-out of unsaturated phospholipids during exhalation, forming a The initial events in cardiogenic pulmonary edema involve hemodynamic pulmonary congestion with high capillary pressures. Both salt water and fresh water wash out and destroy surfactant, disrupt the alveolar-capillary membrane, and increase its permeability. 3. Aerosol delivery may allow achievement of higher concentrations while minimizing systemic effects and offers convenience, rapid onset of action, and avoidance of the needles and sterile technique necessary with intravenous drug 32. These rare disorders may produce familial or sporadic lung disease, with clinical presentations ranging from neonatal respiratory failure to childhood Surfactant protein C (SP-C) has several functions in pulmonary surfactant. ‘‘interface’’ is normally applied to the region between two condensed phases. Download PowerPoint; Lipid–peptide monolayers at the air–water The primary cause of RDS is inadequate pulmonary surfactant. 4. Hydrophile-lipophile balance：surfactants contain both hydrophilic groups and lipophilic groups with one or the other being more predominant, the hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) number is used as a measure of the ratio of these groups. Pulmonary surfactant, a complex of lipids and proteins lining the alveolar surface, is responsible for lowering surface tension at the air-liquid interface thereby preventing alveolar collapse at the end of expiration [1, 2]. Our new CrystalGraphics Chart and Diagram Slides for PowerPoint is a collection of over 1000 impressively designed data-driven chart and editable diagram s guaranteed to impress any World's Best PowerPoint Templates - CrystalGraphics offers more PowerPoint templates than anyone else in the world, with over 4 million to choose from. • Surfactant is partially 9. [1] The proteins and lipids that make up the surfactant have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. Cont 17. 5R Respiratory distress syndrome is a condition in premature infants caused by a lack of surfactant in the lungs. The composition of lung surfactant in humans is very constant, although it may Pulmonary surfactant reduces the surface tension of the alveolar air-liquid interface, thereby providing mechanical stability and preventing alveolar atelectasis. Pulmonary Surfactant Industry's Compound Annual Growth Rate will be 4. Pulmonary Surfactants are phospholipids synthesized in the type II cells lining the alveoli surfactant. Introduction Surfactant metabolism dysfunction is a condition where pulmonary surfactant is insufficient for adequate respiration. The providers utilize many of The student will be able to summarize the origin, cellular location, and primary constituents of pulmonary surfactant. SP-A and SP-D were compared Surfactant therapy reduces mortality, decreases pulmonary air leak, lowers risk of chronic lung disease, and reduces death at 28 days for preterm infants with respiratory failure from surfactant deficiency. Quantitative or qualitative derangements in surfactant are associated with severe respiratory pathologies. Hydrophilic group, hydrophobic / lipophilic group. Lowers surface tension. The half-life of surfactant is 30 hours 5. High capillary pressures can also cause barrier disruption which increases permeability and fluid transfer into the interstitium and Surfactants have become a flexible and diverse class of fine chemical products due to their physical and chemical effects such as wetting or anti-sticking, emulsification or demulsification, foaming or defoaming, solubilization, dispersion, washing, anti-corrosion, etc. The molecular composition of surfactant depends on highly integrated and regulated processes involving its biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and The lining of the alveoli is covered by pulmonary surfactant, a complex mixture of surface-active lipids and proteins that enables efficient gas exchange between inhaled air and the circulation. These include the transfer of lipids between different membrane structures, a role in surfactant recycling and homeostasis, and involvement in modulation of the innate defense system. Clinical : Manifestations. Smoking is the greatest risk factor for COPD and is directly linked to the progressive decline of the lung function. Dr Nilesh Kate Follow. It may be caused due to bacterial, viral, or fungal infections or may be due to environmental factors. pptx مختصر - Download as a PDF or view online for free. PPHN is characterized by elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, resulting in right-to-left shunting of blood and hypoxemia. This Physiology of the Respiratory System | Jindal chest clinic - Respiratory system is the system in which the organs and structures in body that allow to breathe. It has a preva Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins that creates a cohesive surface layer over the alveoli which reduces surface tension and maintains alveolar stability therefore preventing atelectasis. 33 However, little is known about The pulmonary surfactant of vertebrate lungs is a highly surface active complex lipid–protein monolayer lining the air–liquid interface of the alveoli. • Examples: • Amino acids • Imino acids • Betaines • Lecithin • Lecithin: is used to DRUGS USED TO TREART CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic, irreversible obstruction of air flow. In fetal lung tissue, lamellar bodies are sporadically found after the 20th The initial events in cardiogenic pulmonary edema involve hemodynamic pulmonary congestion with high capillary pressures. 31 Several studies on particle–surfactant interactions have assessed the displacement of particles into the surfactant layer, 32 and the effect such particles exert on the biophysical functionality of the surfactant film. The dynamics of how exogenously administered surfactant might spread through the airways into the alveoli have been well studied in the laboratory and theoretical models created (Halpern et al. SURFACTANT Surfactant’s main component is a phospholipid which is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine. e. Both SP-B and SP-C proproteins and their mRNA are detectable in human lung tissue in the 25th week of gestation, SP-D and its mRNA even as early as the 16th week. 3. It is essential for efficient exchange of gases and for maintaining the structural integrity of alveoli. In the lungs, interfacial films form quickly. 29. • Alveoli with low surfactant tend to collapse, leading to atelectasis, VQ mismatching, hypoxemia and respiratory acidosis. In anesthetized adult animals ventilated at a Lung surfactant is a complex with a unique phospholipid and protein composition. Intra pulmonary pressure The pressure developed inside the alveoli is called intra pulmonary pressure As alveoli are in connection with the atmosphere, at the end of normal expiration, intra pulmonary pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure. [1] reduced and thickened pulmonary vessels, and low surfactant concentration. . 15. Currently, surfactants are most widely used as detergents in daily life, but they have been This study evaluated a technique called minimal invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) which involves administering surfactant through a narrow bore catheter inserted into the trachea of preterm infants on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Importantly, neonatal surfactant replacement therapy is administered in conjunction with low fractional FIO2 while 8. Surfactant is enriched with a relatively unique phospholipid, termed dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, and four surfactant-associated proteins, SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. Pulmonary surfactant is composed of lipids and four lipid-associated proteins, SP-A, The hydrophobic surfactant proteins B and C are essential for lung function and pulmonary homeostasis after birth. Without it, lungs collapse during exhalation due to surface tension. Submit Search. They'll give your presentations a professional, memorable appearance - the kind of sophisticated look that 3. Open in figure viewer PowerPoint. Reduced pulmonary blood flow may cause pulmonary It is treated through pulmonary surfactant replacement therapy and mechanical ventilator treatment until the infant’s lungs are old enough to secrete enough surfactant to survive on their own. Initial reports of this disease described it as respiratory failure secondary to over-production of surfactant proteins within the alveoli [2]. We searched the MEDLINE, CINAHL, and Cochrane Library databases for English-language randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and articles investigating surfactant replacement therapy published between January 1990 and July 2012. Despite its many ideal biophysicochemical properties for assisting liquid breathing, a general misconception about PFC is to use it as a replacement for pulmonary This document discusses the mechanism of respiration, including the anatomy of the respiratory system and the four main steps of respiration: pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, gas transport in blood, and internal respiration in tissues. It is thought that surfactant therapy, by increasing pulmonary blood flow as PaO 2 increases, with reduction in pulmonary vascular resistance as the lung function improves, worsens any existing pulmonary oedema and leads to PH. sa). Over the past decades inhalation therapy has established itself as a valuable tool in the local therapy of pulmonary diseases such as asthma or COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) . 2. . Thoracic wall compliance is the ability of the thoracic wall to stretch while under pressure. compliance and a tendency to atelectasis; other factors in preterm infants that . The primary illness includes-COPD, Asthma, Bronchitis, Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life and is composed of a complex lipoprotein-like mixture that lines the inner surface of the lung to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. Aida Korish Associate Prof. Surfactant is composed of phospholipids and protein, and In summary, surfactant treatment may offer acute improvement of respiratory symptoms in infants with pneumonia or sepsis; however, data are lacking to suggest routine use of surfactant to improve The type II pneumocytes of the lungs secrete a mixture of lipids and proteins that together acts as a surfactant. • It intersperses between the water Respiratory Mechanics: Air flows from higher to lower pressure gradients! 3 major causes: Atmospheric pressure. Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life and is composed of a complex lipoprotein-like mixture that lines the inner surface of the lung to prevent alveolar collapse at the end of expiration. See an expert-written answer! We have an expert-written solution to this problem! The pulmonary surfactant is produced by the alveolar type-II (AT-II) cells of the lungs. • The body’s surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids, proteins, and ions. The surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C along This document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which lines the alveoli and reduces surface tension. Sternal, suprasternal, substernal and intercostal retractions progressing to paradoxical seesaw BACKGROUND: Although effective in the neonatal population, exogenous pulmonary surfactant has not demonstrated a benefit in pediatric and adult subjects with hypoxic lung injury despite a sound physiologic rationale. Less invasive surfactant administration & pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active lipoprotein complex. Amal abd elmoneim. Recent Findings Surfactants, such as surfactant protein A (SP-A) and SP-D released from alveolar epithelium, reduce pathogen infection and control immune-cell Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein complex essential for lung function, and insufficiency or altered surfactant composition is associated with major lung diseases, such as acute respiratory distress syndromes, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Normalized spectra of Marina Blue SP-C and BODIPY SP-C in Nonreplicating influenza vaccines or conventional adjuvants primarily activate immune cells, but this approach appears to be inadequate to induce lung T RM cells, a key element of heterosubtypic immunity. 3 • The respiratory tract is one of the oldest routes used for the administration of drugs. Surfactant deficiency causes respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants by increasing surface tension. ) Zwitterionic (Amphiphilic) Surfactants Surfactants have both cationic and anionic centers attached to the same molecule The cationic part is based on primary, secondary, or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium 2. Other immunoregulatory molecules like IL3,TGF and 5. edu. Surfactant facilitates inflation of the lung from a lower pressure, permits the lung to open to a Pulmonary Surfactant • It is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins secreted by Type II alveolar cell. The inaccessibility of surfactant makes its exact in-vivo composition unknown, but based on studies using broncholaveolar lavage and in-vitro lung preparations, the major components of Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a lipid-protein complex essential to stabilise the delicate structure of mammalian alveoli along with successive compression-expansion respiratory cycles. Intra-alveolar pressure. This Respiratory Physiology Functions and organization of the respiratory system Dr. It is secreted by type II epithelial cells into the airways of the lung from 24 weeks gestation, although only in adequate amounts from 35 weeks gestation. The PowerPoint PPT presentation: "Pulmonary Toxicology" is the 2. 6. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pulmonary infection and potential for long term scarring with decreased lung capacity Interventions Administer and teach self administration of medications ordered Encourage rest and avoidance of exertion Moniter breath sounds respiratory rates ,sputum production and dyspnoea Provide supplymental oxygen as Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life as it lines the alveoli to lower surface tension, thereby preventing atelectasis during breathing. Surface tension tends to collapse the pulmonary alveoli, and, as you can imagine, this could turn into a big problem - not being able to breathe in. • This process is associated with dysfunction of the surfactant lining the alveoli, • Download as PPT, PDF - Surfactants that reduce surface tension and help keep alveoli open. Respiratory rate: Pulmonary ventilation = TV x respiratory rate 9Rest = 6L/min 9Exercise = 150L/min 2. This system had a single evolutionary origin that predates the evolution of the Pulmonary surfactant is the remarkable, highly surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) that is present in and on the fluid lining the alveolar surface of the lungs. Introduction. The SURFACTANT present in the alveolar fluid reduces the surface tension . Phospholipid produced by alveolar type II cells. This presentation gives an overview on "Physiology of the Respiratory System" including: non respiratory functions, air conditioning, warming and humidfying, immune functions, functions of cilia, metabolic functions, etc. The lungs of preterm babies with RDS are both anatomically and Type II pneumocytes synthesize and release pulmonary surfactant. its response to hypoxia is arterial constriction as opposed to arterial dilatation in the systemic circulation. Schematic show surfactant metabolism, with a single alveolus is shown and the location and movement of surfactant components. • Pulmonary delivered drugs are rapidly absorbed except large macromolecules drugs, which may yield low bioavailability due to enzymatic degradation and/or low mucosal permeability. As alveoli radius decreases, surfactant’s ability to lower surface tension increases. The lungs. Pulmonary ventilation - Download as a PDF or view online for free. • IRDS affects about 1% of newborn infants and is the leading cause of death in preterm infants. • With advancing gestational age, increasing amounts of phospholipids are synthesized and stored in type II alveolar cells . Biosurfactants have several advantages over chemical surfactants, including being biodegradable, low toxicity, and biocompatibility. 1 Surfactants 1) Structure of surfactants The substances that drastically lower the surface tension of water even at low concentrations. The use of surfactant replacement therapy has helped to decrease neonatal mortality from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), but the incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (PIE) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in ventilated neonates (700-1350 The composition and structure of pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary surfactant is heterogeneous with respect to biochemical composition, morphological organization and specific biophysical functions [1]. Rosen et al. Without it, lungs collapse during exhalation due Introduction. Aida Korish ( akorish@ksu. acts as an airway obstruction with a "ball-valve" effect, preventing adequate ventilation in the PowerPoint Presentation Last modified by: hromero Created Date: 1/1/1601 12:00:00 AM Document presentation format: On-screen Show Surfactant - Download as a PDF or view online for free. 1) Structure of surfactants The Amphiphilicity is the basic characters of surfactants They have both polar and nonpolar moieties. More than 50% of surfactant is dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, a material that is capable of reducing the surface tension of the alveolar interface to uniquely low values. , 1979), indicating that the surfactant film has formed and is fully functional. Engulf microorganisms or particulate material Alveolar macrophages. 142 pts of IPF vs healthy volunteers were involved. Used largest North American data set. Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of lipids and protein, which works principally to lower the surface tension of the air liquid interface within the airways and reduce the work of breathing. [1] According to the alternative definition, TPP is the Nevertheless, as pneumonia advances and inflicts further damage upon alveolar type 2 cells, the concentration of pulmonary surfactant decreases concomitantly with the deteriorating condition of the lungs. • The surfactants lower surface tension – this in turn increase pulmonary compliance & prevent atelectasis at the end 2. A Cochrane Pulmonary surfactant is a critical component of lung function in healthy individuals. The document categorizes different types of biosurfactants and describes their production process. There are impaired gaseous exchange and respiratory insufficiency due to a decrease in the number of airways and alveoli. Also, it protects the lungs against inhaled genetic abnormalities involving surfactant proteins or lipid metabolism can also cause PAP, including mutations in the surfactant proteins B or C, ATP-binding cassette subfamily A member 3 (ABCA3), and thyroid transcription factor-1. By adsorbing to the air-water interface of alveoli, with hydrophilic head groups in the water and Respiratory system pulmonary ventilation. • Pulmonary bioavailability of drugs could be improved by including various permeation enhancers such as surfactants, fatty acids, saccharides, chelating agents Secretes pulmonary surfactant Alveolar type I cell 2. 2 Administration of Exogenous Surfactant: Practical Issues. In order for inspiration to occur, the thoracic cavity must expand. Other measures to consider if the preceding methods are not effective (controversial) • Endotracheal tube administration of epinephrine or nebulized epinephrine • Consider high-frequency ventilation • Rescue surfactant. Sonication:- Ultrasonic degradation is a method of removing surfactant by ultrasonic cavitation of waste liquid under fairly high sound pressure accompanied by high temperature and high pressure oxidation. 8. ) Respiratory Distress Syndrome. SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL TENSION; SURFACE AND INTERFACIAL FREE ENERGY ‘‘surface’’ is usually reserved for the region between a condensed phase (liquid or solid) and a gas phase or vacuum. And they’re ready for you to use in your PowerPoint presentations the moment you need them. Pulmonary surfactant inactivation of surfactant . Natural surfactants are therefore treatment of choice. Hi guys, This ppt shows the pathophysiology of pulmonary surfactant in newborn and respiratory distress syndrome. Particles may be retained in surfactant forming aggregate domains, or surfactant may be adsorbed to the surface of particles, thus the concentration, elasticity, lateral diffusional property, compressibility, and adsorption behavior of The initial events in cardiogenic pulmonary edema involve hemodynamic pulmonary congestion with high capillary pressures. This causes increased fluid transfer out of capillaries into the interstitium and alveolar spaces. Learning Objectives • By the end of this lecture you will be able to:- 1-Describe the structures and functions of the conductive and respiratory zones of airways. By contrast, PS-GAMP activated immune cells as well as AECs without breaching PS and AEC barriers, effectively averting exaggerated inflammation in Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is often secondary to parenchymal lung disease (such as meconium aspiration syndrome) or lung hypoplasia (with congenital diaphragmatic hernia) but can also be idiopathic. The treatment of such newborns with animal-derived pulmonary surfactant preparations has been shown to be very useful, in most cases being a The short-term risks of surfactant replacement therapy • Bradycardia and hypoxemia during instillation, • Blockage of the endotracheal tube • Increase in pulmonary hemorrhage following surfactant treatment • However, mortality ascribed to pulmonary hemorrhage is not increased and overall mortality is lower after surfactant therapy. Surface tension at the liquid-air interphase in the alveoli makes the air sacs prone to Surfactants • Surfactants in water decrease the surface tension and are secreted by type II alveolar epithelial cells. It is synthesized and secreted by alveolar type II cells The document discusses the stages of lung development from embryonic to alveolar stages and the factors that affect lung maturation and production of pulmonary surfactants Constituents of meconium can inactivate surfactant. Jonathan M. INTRODUCTION TO PULMONARY DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM: Pulmonary disease or lung disease constitutes diseases or disorders that affect the lungs and its associated structures in breathing effectively. Principle of Surface Tension. Surfactant deficiency is a recognized cause of respiratory distress syndrome in the preterm neonate. Surfactant therapy in preterm infants with respiratory distress syndrome and in near-term or term newborn with acute RDS Conclusion :-Comparative trials with poractant alfa at a higher initial dose of 200 mg/kg appear to decreased mortality in infants <32 weeks gestation when compared with beractant. Despite these important functions, the structures of functional SP-C complexes have remained unclear. Its specific function is to reduce surface tension at the pulmonary air–liquid interface. ↓. Specific treatment for any associated parenchymal lung disease (eg, antibiotic therapy for pneumonia, or surfactant for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome). Inflammatory mediators can also inhibit surfactant, as can the protein that leaks into the alveolar spaces. According to the conventional definition, TPP is the pressure difference across the entire lung, from the opening of the pulmonary airway to the pleural surface. Surfactant (2 of 4) Figure 9-3: ( A ) 1 is more likely to collapse and harder to inflate than 2 owing to an increased collapsing pressure. 8 AMPHOTERIC SURFACTANTS • carry a positive charge on a cationic site and a negative charge on an anionic site • The charge of the molecule must change with pH, showing a zwitterionic form at an intermediate pH • They are cationic at low pH and anionic at high pH. • Wk 20: start of surfactant production and storage. The document discusses biochemistry of the respiratory system and lungs. Functions Diffusion and Perfusion Gas exchange across the alveolar-pulmonary capillary membranes Control of breathing Influenced by neural and chemical factors Pons, medulla, chemoreceptors in the carotid body Stimulus for breathing Increased carbon dioxide - Pulmonary Pathophysiology. The study found MIST was successfully applied in two hospitals with no significant complications. It discusses: 1) The functional anatomy of the three circulations in the lungs - pulmonary, bronchial, and lymphatic. It reduces the surface tension of water/fluid in alveolar membrane. A Pulmonary surfactant • Mixture of lipids & proteins • Reduce alveolar surface tension 9Increase pulmonary compliance (makes inflation easier) 9Reduce lungs tendency to recoil Lung Volume ¾Maximum capacity ~ 5. Expiratory Grunting : 2. The update Deficiency of lung surfactant in premature children (gestation period 26 weeks) results in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), which can now be treated with surfactant replacement therapy, that is, administration of animal-derived pulmonary surfactant into the airways. Early rescue (<30 min of age) surfactant therapy is an for the first-line defense, where surfactants play a role in host defense mechanisms. Surfactant protein C (SP-C) plays a key role in rearranging the lipids at the PS surface layers during breathing. Luckily, alveolar cells have found a way to Surfactant - Download as a PDF or view online for free. The student will be able to describe the major laboratory methods for analyzing amniotic fluid for pulmonary surfactant, including cutoff values for the foam stability index, the fluorescent polarization assay, and the lecithin Pulmonary surfactant is a complex mixture of phospholipids and proteins, with surfactant proteins A, B and C constituting 10% of surfactant. The The pulmonary surfactant system is one of the last systems to develop before birth (Orgeig et al. • It prevents the collapsing of Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a complex mixture of lipids and proteins that covers the epithelial lining fluid at the surface of the alveoli. This study evaluated a technique called minimal invasive surfactant therapy (MIST) which involves administering surfactant through a narrow bore catheter inserted into the trachea of preterm infants on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). It describes the composition of surfactant, which contains phospholipids like Surfactant is a lipoprotein complex secreted by type II alveolar cells and Clara cells that lines the alveoli. Key points: - Lungs produce surfactant, collagen/elastin, and mucus to reduce surface tension, Pulmonary surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells and is required for lung function after birth. Lungs are an attractive target for the pulmonary administration of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the form of various drug delivery systems [1–3]. 5mg/5ml): 5 ml/kg via endotracheal tube q 12 hours; 2-4 doses. 2 1 3. The diagnosis is made when hemorrhagic secretions are aspirated from the trachea concurrent with respiratory decompensation that necessitates intubation or escalated support. Pulmonary surfactant • Mixture of lipids & proteins • Reduce alveolar surface tension 9Increase pulmonary compliance (makes inflation easier) 9Reduce lungs tendency to recoil Lung Volume ¾Maximum capacity ~ 5. Pulmonary surfactant Pulmonary surfactant is essential for life as it lines the alveoli to lower surface tension, thereby preventing atelectasis during breathing. Since that time, clinicians' understanding of this rare lung disease has improved dramatically. Pulmonary surfactant is essential for preserving the integrity of the barrier between alveolar air and capillary blood during normal breathing. • Understand the basic pulmonary volumes and capacitances. The structurally immature and surfactant-deficient lung has . Surfactant is identifiable in fetal lung as early as 16 weeks, though its proper secretion begins after 24 weeks gestation and is synthesized most abundantly after the 35th week of gestation. Biodegradation:- It is a method of decomposing surfactant into CO2 and water as a carbon source for microbial life metabolism by means of Pulmonary surfactant deficiency, dysfunction or inactivation can lead to development of the respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), an important cause of neonatal mortality of premature newborns [5, 6]. Pulmonary surfactant is a surface-active complex of phospholipids and proteins formed by type II alveolar cells. Secreted by type II alveolar cells. In this review, clinical significance of pulmonary surfactants in asthma has been highlighted. Without pulmonary surfactant, the alveoli would collapse during expiration. Surfactant lipids and proteins are synthesized in alveolar type II epithelial cells, secreted into the alveolar lumen, and removed by recycling and catabolism in alveolar macrophages. Does not reach lung surface until later • Wk 28-32: maximal production of surfactant and appears in amniotic fluid • Wk 34-35; mature levels of surfactant in lungs • Quality : The Genetic surfactant dysfunction disorders are caused by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence variants in genes encoding proteins critical for the production and function of pulmonary surfactant. A molecule that contains polar and non polar portions. We describe the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins B 3. Type I pneumocyte. Pulmonary / Lung Function Tests (PFTs). The various lipids of surfactant derive from the circulation, from de Pulmonary surfactant (PS) is a lipid–protein complex that forms films reducing surface tension at the alveolar air–liquid interface. It was believed to be a consequence of The alveoli are the tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange happens. ↑ the risk of atelectasis are decreased alveolar radius and weak chest wall. Surfactant reduces the The document discusses pulmonary surfactant, which reduces surface tension in the lungs. The most common radiographic finding is PM impacts pulmonary surfactant in many aspects, including phase behavior, stability, compositions, morphology, etc. Thin shape allows for rapid gas diffusion Alveolar type II cell 3. Keeping lungs dry: The surface tension produce a driving force for the interstitial fluid to drain into the alveoli. Surfactant is composed of phospholipids and protein, and coats the alveoli and smallest bronchioles , which prevents the pressure buildup from collapsing the • Download as PPT, PDF • 73 likes • 47,919 views. Surfactant, Surface Tension, and Collapse of the Alveoli. CELLS INVOLVED IN PULMONARY HOST DEFENSE (CONTD) D) Alveolar type II cells: Not a traditional immune cell but studies have shown that it may have immunoregulatory function. Consist of surfactant apoprotein , a phospholipid which is dipalmityl lecithin &amp; calcium ions . Secondary surfactant Surfactant is produced in the alveolar type II pneumocytes, where it is assembled into densely packed membranous acidic organelles called lamellar bodies (LB) (Perez-Gil and Weaver, 2010) (Fig. Adsorption. It describes the composition of surfactant, which contains phospholipids like phosphatidylcholine and proteins. Onset: Self-limiting disease symptoms peak in 3 to 4 days. Ineffective breathing pattern related to pulmonary infection and potential for long term scarring with decreased lung capacity Interventions Administer and teach self administration of medications ordered Encourage rest and avoidance of exertion Moniter breath sounds respiratory rates ,sputum production and dyspnoea Provide supplymental oxygen as Surfactant homeostasis is critical to alveolar function, and both the quantity and composition of surfactant are strictly maintained by mechanisms resulting in balanced production and clearance (). We will then discuss the morphological aspects and composition of the pulmonary surfactant system. Introduction • It is a syndrome in premature infants caused by – developmental insufficiency of pulmonary surfactant production and structural immaturity in the lungs. Additionally, this route offers many advantages over conventional per oral administration, such as a high surface area with rapid absorption due to high vascularization and The end result of these changes is pulmonary edema, loss of surfactant, and deposition of dead cells and debris along the alveoli (hyaline membranes), which decrease pulmonary compliance and make We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. By inspection of titles, references having no relevance to the clinical practice guideline were eliminated. Secondary surfactant Chart and Diagram Slides for PowerPoint - Beautifully designed chart and diagram s for PowerPoint with visually stunning graphics and animation effects. With surfactant deficiency, alveoli close or fail to open, and the lungs become diffusely atelectatic, triggering inflammation and pulmonary edema. Main focus is towards management of RDS esp. The efficacy of this therapy for immature new-borns has been confirmed in various controlled trials and surfactant therapy is now part of the routine management of the Pulmonary surfactant is the remarkable, highly surface-active lipoprotein complex (phospholipoprotein) that is present in and on the fluid lining the alveolar surface of the lungs. The surface tension declines steeply even at c < 10-3 mol dm-3. deficiency of surfactant Pulmonary surfactant, discovered in the 1950s, has been studied from the 1980s on to treat and prevent respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in preterm infants. This complex pathophysiology results in a wide range of radiographic manifestations of the disease. Deficiency of surfactant in the premature newborn is a principal mechanism in the development of respiratory distress in that population. 7 L (male) & 4. When compressed by the decreasing alveolar surface area during exhalation, the films reduce surface tension to exceptionally low levels. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of pulmonary The community of cells lining our airways plays a collaborative role in the preservation of immune homeostasis in the lung and provides protection from the pathogens and pollutants in the air we Pulmonary edema can be defined as an abnormal accumulation of extravascular fluid in the lung parenchyma. SP-A and SP-D were compared Pulmonary surfactant is an essential lipid-protein complex that stabilizes the respiratory units (alveoli) involved in gas exchange. It functions in part by lowering surface tension in the alveoli, thereby allowing for breathing with minimal effort. Physiology KSU Dr. 3,5–7 Clinical disease due to these mutations typically manifests in neonates, often with concomitant pulmonary PH is thought to occur as a complication of exogenous surfactant therapy but the exact mechanism is not clear. 5. Klein, MD Peer Review Status: Internally Peer Reviewed Introduction. The molecular composition of surfactant depends on highly integrated and regulated processes involving its biosynthesis, remodeling, degradation, and The components of pulmonary surfactant are synthesized in the Golgi apparatus of the endoplasmic reticulum of the type II alveolar cell. It is a value between 0-40 defining the affinity of a surfactant for 2. The inhaled meconium can cause: • Mechanical obstruction of the airways leading to mismatched ventilation/ perfusion • Chemical pneumonitis (in 24-48 hrs) • Infection which inhibit surfactant function and leads to inflammation and swelling, which also can obstruct small airways • The combination of ventilation/perfusion mismatch and pulmonary inflammatory can trigger 3. Introduction: Pulmonary drug delivery is primarily used to treat condition of the airway, delivering locally acting drug directly to their site of action. 81 Consequently, the evaluation of fluctuation surfactant levels can serve as a valuable indicator for assessing the progression of COVID-19 Surfactant replacement therapy (SRT) has a proven role in the treatment of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome and severe meconium aspiration syndrome in infants, and may have a role in the treatment of pediatric patients with ARDS. In addition to surfactant, complement components like C2,C3,C4,C5 and factor B are secreted by these cells. Surfactants - Download as a PDF or view online for free. - Pulmonary volumes such as tidal volume and functional residual capacity. The underlying Young–Laplace equation, applying to the surface of any geometrical structure, is the more important the smaller its radii are. However, direct visualization of the lateral structure To test the effect of repeated pulmonary inflammation in surfactant release and proteinuria, we studied mice on vehicle or LPS + Poly I:C combinations for 3 consecutive days as depicted in Figure 3A . Dr Drug delivery by aerosol may have several advantages over other modes, particularly if the lung is the target organ. Pulmonary surfactant is primarily composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC) in complex with 4. Surfactant is a mixture of 90% phospholipids and 10% other proteins, produced by epithelial type II cells in the alveolar. This can also affect the effort expended in the process of breathing. The hydrophobic proteins, SP-B and Pulmonary hemorrhage in the newborn is an ominous condition that has a high neonatal mortality rate. We describe the hydrophilic surfactant proteins A and D and the hydrophobic surfactant proteins B and C, with focus on the crucial roles of these proteins in the dynamics, metabolism, and functions of pulmonary surfactant. Despite decades of advancements in the study of the pulmonary surfactant, the molecular scale behavior of the surfactant and the inherent role of the number of different lipids and proteins in 15. The expansion of the thoracic cavity Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) is caused by pulmonary surfactant deficiency, which typically occurs only in neonates born at < 37 weeks gestation; deficiency is worse with increasing prematurity. Although most surfactant proteins are expressed in a variety of cells (e. 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